Importance of youth character building in eliminating corruption from thepakistani society pdf Essay

Fighting corruption has emerged as a key development issue in India in recent years. More and more policymakers, businesses, and civil society organizations, have begun to confront the issue openly. At the same time the general level of understanding about corruption has risen markedly. Until recently, it was not uncommon to hear someone discuss anti-corruption strictly in law enforcement terms. By contrast, most people working in the field today acknowledge that public education and prevention are equally important. The field has also come to appreciate how critical the role of civil society is for effective and sustained reform. A number of factors explain this growing emphasis on fighting corruption. Expansion and consolidation of democracy at the grassroots level has enabled citizens to use the vote and new-found civil liberties to confront corruption, prompting leaders and opposition figures to show a stronger anti-corruption commitment. Internationally, since the end of the Cold War, donor governments have focused less on ideological grounds for foreign assistance and concentrated more on trade and development, both of which are undermined by corruption. Countries with high levels of corruption, like India, have found themselves less able to attract investment and aid in a competitive global market. At the same time, business within the country has faced ever stiffer competition with the gobalization of trade and capital markets, and has become less willing to tolerate the expense and risk associated with corruption. LITERATURE REVIEW The body of theoretical and empirical research that objectively addresses the problem of corruption has grown considerably in recent years ( Elliot 1997, Coolidge and Rose-Ackerman 1997, Gandhi 1998, Gill 1998, Girling 1997, HDC 1999, Kaufmann and Sachs 1998, Mauro 1995, Paul and Guhan 1997, Shleifer and Vishnay 1998, Stapenhurst and Kpundeh 1998, Vittal 1999, World Bank 1997). A preliminary analysis of the literature shows that corruption in India and elsewhere is recognized as a complex phenomenon, as the consequence of more deep seated problems of policy distortion, institutional incentives and governance. It thus cannot be addressed by simple legal acts proscribing corruption. The reason is that, particularly in India, the judiciary, legal enforcement institutions, police and such other legal bodies cannot be relied upon, as the rule of law is often fragile, and thus can be turned in their favour by corrupt interests. BASIC HYPOTHESIS Preliminary examination of data from various sources suggests the formulation of a clear hypothesis concerning the role of civil society in combating corruption in India. The hypothesis is that the sustenance and success of efforts to combat systemic corruption in India is directly related to the extent of participation of the civil society in these efforts. The underlying idea is that development is not the product of set of blueprints given by the political leadership independently of the civil society but is often a joint output of the civil society itself. The pace and direction of the developmental efforts is shaped by the umbilical relationship between the state and civil society. Viewed in this perspective, anti-corruption strategies are not simply policies that can be planned in advance and isolation, but often a set of subtler insights that can be developed only in conjunction with citizen participation. Combating corruption is, therefore, not just a matter of making laws and creating institutions, but rather it is deeply rooted in the activities of the civil society itself. METHODOLOGY In recent years significant improvements have been made in the measurement of corruption, in the construction of composite corruption indices, and in the design and implementation of surveys. Beyond applying improved empirics through a multi-pronged approach to surveys, it is now possible to construct a framework linking the analytical and empirical research with operationally relevant utilization. We can effectively utilize empirical analysis in the design and implementation of action programs. The Economic Development Institute at the World Bank, in collaboration with the Transparency International and local NGOs, has developed a methodological approach integrating within one empirical framework the various components identified so far for understanding and combating corruption. This overall empirical approach links worldwide database and analysis with determinants of corruption, in-depth country analysis, and country action program (Kaufmann, Pradhan, and Ryterman 1998). In this research paper the World Bank framework is used to understand and explain the role of civil society in combating corruption in India, and consider recent initiatives for an effective action plan in this regard.

Mabo Study Guide

Contents claim’s success. It also examines broader concepts such as colonisation, land rights and native title— in Australia and internationally—and looks at what happened in the past and what is happening now. Combining CD-ROMs with a website and online data- base, the project brings together a documentary video with hundreds of specially created audio-visual sequences and a wealth of text and images from primary and secondary sources. These teachers notes will help you explore the poten- tial of the materials.They provide summaries, set the resources within an educational framework, explain some uses of the key tools and features, and suggest classroom activities. The materials cross disciplines and can be used at different year levels. The variety of media makes it easier for different students to access the content. It’s assumed that you’ll pick and choose from the vast amount of material available, adapting for a year level, the needs of a part icular group of students and your school in your part of Australia.Levels and audience Senior secondary, undergraduate and research at adult levels Key learning areas Aboriginal Studies, Australian Studies, English, Indigenous Studies, Studies of Society and Environment, History, Legal Studies, Politics, Information Technology, and multimedia across the curriculum Introduction Background information 2 Features and uses 4 Designing a unit of work 5 Selecting a starting point 6 Activity suggestions 6 Introduction Mabo is the name that’s identified with a legal revolution in Australia. But Mabo was not just a court case: Eddie Mabo was a man—an obstinate, difficult and passionate human being, who was consumed with preserving the culture of a tiny island. ’ Trevor Graham, co-author/director of Mabo—The Native Title Revolution In 1992, the High Court of Australia put an end to the legal fiction that Australia was empty before it was occupied by Europeans.It up held the claim of Eddie ‘Koiki’ Mabo and his fellow plaintiffs that Murray Islanders were the traditional owners of land on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait. Mabo—The Native Title Revolution delves into the Mabo legal case and the important issues it raises for Australians and indigenous peoples everywhere. This multimedia resource gives an overview of the case and provides an insight into Torres Strait Islander culture and Eddie Mabo himself—both were crucial to the TEACHERS NOTES 1 FILM AUSTRALIA †¢ PAGE 1

A role-playing video game Undertale

A role-playing video game Undertale Undertale is a role-playing video game created by American indie developer and composer Toby Fox. Usually this type of games are not very popular but undertale is not one of this cases. It has a very interesting and really complicated plot. In the game, players control a human child who has fallen into the Underground, a large, secluded region underneath the surface of the Earth, separated by a magic barrier. The player meets various monsters during a quest to return to the surface, mainly through the combat system; the player navigates through mini-bullet hell attacks by the opponent, and can opt to pacify or subdue monsters in order to spare them instead of murdering them. These choices affect the game, with the dialogue, characters, and story changing based on outcomes. Undertale has three main endings: true pacifist, neutral and genocide. A neutral ending occurs when one of these conditions are met: The protagonist does not befriend all plot pivotal characters (Papyrus, Undyne, Alphys) OR The protagonist kills any monster. The Neutral Route ends with the protagonist escaping the Underground alone. There are a variety of different possible variations of this ending depending on the choices made throughout the game. The true pacifist ending occurs when all of these conditions are met: A Neutral Route has been completed. No monsters were killed throughout the game. (The protagonist cannot gain any EXP, and as a result, they cannot progress past LV 1.) Papyrus, Undyne, and Alphys have been befriended. A Genocide Route has NOT been completed before. Doing a Pacifist run after a Genocide route will result in an altered Soulless Pacifist ending. The True Pacifist Route ends with the barrier being broken, and the protagonist and the monsters of the Underground being able to leave. Additionally, this route will feature the True Pacifist Ending Credits. This ending occurs only when all enemies in each area (Ruins, Snowdin Forest, Waterfall, Hotland/CORE) are killed until no one remains. This includes all bosses. Completing the Genocide Route leads to the destruction of the games world. Upon re-launching the game after a completed Genocide Route, the first human asks the protagonist to give up their SOUL to them in exchange for the recreation of the world. This effectively acts in the same way as a true reset, but it also permanently alters the endings of any later Genocide or Pacifist endings (Soulless Genocide Soulless Pacifist). Neutral endings after a Genocide run are unaffected. A very interesting fact of this game is that there are two characters know that they are inside a game and try to trick you psycologically not to complete the Genocide route. Another interesting fact is that EXP dosn’t mean experience as everyone believes, it means EXecution Points.

Environmental Factors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Factors - Research Paper Example Being a dominant player in the furniture industry, IKEA had assumed its duty of educating and training its workforce so that ethical trade practices and agreements are not ignored. It also educates and trains its supplier base to improve efficiency in operations. Not going by the traditional business practices, IKEA had always tried to differentiate itself through its unique and specific products and its cost leadership. This is achieved through its strategic and collaborative relations with its suppliers who are equivalent partners in profit sharing. It had marketed its products at lesser profit margins in developing and underdeveloped countries that wished to own Western furniture but could not afford. This has made it earn an image of a corporation that believes in equality and possession of products equally. Being a home furnishing brand, IKEA always needed big and spacious locations to arrange for its warehouses and showrooms. As such, it never set up full fledged assembling facilities in any nation. It always went for outsourcing decisions where by the use of skilled and expert people, parts and components were manufactured elsewhere while the assembling task was completed at the destination location. Also it had communicated its product range across nations that match the perceptual structure of the residents. For US citizens, its furniture is stylish and stable, while for China, it is homely and giving a feeling of togetherness. Culture is something that cannot be created. It has to be learned and percolated down to ages. IKEA had been very strategic in weaving a story around itself every time it entered in a new market and aligned its marketing campaign accordingly. It had varied the sensibility of its marketing significantly across varying cultures. For instance, its European advertisements are more straight-forward unlike North-Americans, which are more witty. Cultural differences also arise

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Statement - Essay Example The practice of Nursing takes account of complex links with different types of individuals as well as organizations, with carers, relatives and friends, and members from other career paths. It was at the day centre that I noticed my aptitude of giving support to individuals who are may be nervous or confused and I think this is a key ability one should posses for being a nurse. As part of my course, I started a second job placement at a nursing home. Here, the service users had different circumstances as well as requirements, and I found out how to balance their requirements and fulfil them in a manner that displays my use of initiative. My aspiration to become adult nurse has been additionally enhanced by my tenure in Cara charity organisation where I have developed people skills. I like the challenge of working in demanding situations and for me it is extremely gratifying to effectively take care of people and comfort them when they are in need and this is an additional reason of w hy I want to be an adult nurse. The kindness, self-sacrifice, endurance and aptitude of nurses with whom I have come into contact with have motivated me and helped in increasing my passion and enthusiasm for this profession. From observation as well as from personal understanding, I think the merits and expertise needed from a nurse take account of the intrinsic aspiration to help and look after individuals. Exceptional communication skills are crucial, and the capability to work autonomously but as well as part of a group. It is a skill to merge technical understanding and the proficiency gained from learning and training with compassionate behaviour towards people, and it is an opportunity to be there for them at whenever they are in need. I would like to become adult nurse because I find my existing profession extremely satisfying and pleasing; but I as well think I have a lot more to offer and am able to make that move from my existing job into an Adult Nurse. I am completely co mfortable with the shift work, the emotional difficulties and late hour jobs. People, with whom I work, always liked my pleasant behaviour and disposition; and encouraged me to apply for the course in adult nursing. It is necessary to have a firm and practical perceptive of what is required by a nurse before starting training (Christensen & Kockrow, 2010, p. 293). I think my previous, as well as current experience in different healthcare facilities allows me to be self-assured that I am prepared to dedicate my life and confront educational challenges, and have the endurance, consistency, responsibility as well as enthusiasm to undertake the necessary programme of study. I understand that the educational requirements of the course will be hard but I believe my interest and previous aptitude to gain knowledge will speak for itself. I work well with individuals at every level and I will gladly assume a leadership position when necessary. During my current working experience, I have bee n providing the helping to staff in handling patients’ affairs as well as to resolve argument with clients in tough conditions should there be a need. I have discovered that through this and a number of other customer service

Western Civ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Western Civ - Essay Example Fascism forms of governments are characterized with dictatorships, suppressions to opposition as well as criticism alongside oppression of the citizens. However, it is of crucial importance to note that the economic as well as political situation in Germany from 1918 to the early 1930s contributed to the rise of German Fascism in several ways. The war led to deaths of several populations in Germany (Eley, 2013). The loss of such a massive population was welcomed with long lasting grief amongst the whole population of Germany. The effects of such losses were mostly felt in the domestic sectors, industrial sectors as well as political sectors. This led to the drop in economy of Germany to a significantly dismal level. This followed the drastic drop in number of people who could provide labor to revamp such industries. Therefore, the loss of individuals affected the sector negatively. In addition, the loss was a disgrace to the family members within the German empire. Several families were aggrieved and faced loneliness, sorrow as well as sadness that had long lasting effects. This made the German society become very vulnerable to any proposition that would assure averting their state following the results of the World War I (Eley, 2013). Following the desperation faced by the people of Germany after the World War One, there was relative ease to accept any proposal from the government. Again, the Germans became vulnerable to accept any political suggestion from any key politician that was perceived beneficial to the entire country following the results of the war. As such, the then leader, Adolf Hitler capitalized on this vulnerability for his own personal interests. He then moved forward and came up with several good propositions to the Germans hat lured them to accepting easily to such proposals. This later led to the emergence of fascism in Germany. The level of vulnerability of the citizens made Hitler capitalize on his

Economic questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic questions - Assignment Example ect an offer of zero units, but at an offer of one unit they will accept it if they are self-interested and risk-neutral because it is one more unit than they would be getting if they rejected the one unit offer. c) The subgame perfect Nash equilibrium does not match the actual behavior at all. The different assumptions we can make in part a to explain this is basically that if people feel that the amount they are getting is unfair, they will try to hurt the other person as well as themselves by making sure nobody gets anything. 2- In this situation, the drug-dealer’s best option is to go to the park because if the officer is at the park the dealer will still make 50 deals whereas if they are both on the street he will only make 30 deals. The officer can do better if she stays on the street but knows the drug dealer will do better at the park given that they both choose the same place. Therefore, the most likely payoff would probably be the bottom right square where 50 deals are made and 120 are stopped. However, Player Two has a bigger payoff when they are at different locations. Because of this, a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium shows that the dealer would average about 100 deals, meaning the officer would be able to stop an average of 70 deals. If Player Two is self-regarding, Player One will benefit more from sending payment if Player Two delivers (P,D). In this situation Player One will also make a profit if they don’t send payment and Player Two delivers (NP, D). In the other two situations Player One & Player Two will benefit equally (NP,K) and Player One will lose in the payment – non delivery situation (P,K). If Player Two is reciprocal, Player Two stands to benefit more from a payment and delivery situation (P,D), as well as benefiting more from a payment and non-delivery situation and a non-payment, non-delivery situation (NP, K). The only situation where Player one benefits more is where they don’t pay but the item is still delivered (NP,

Errors of metabolism (newborn screening) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Errors of metabolism (newborn screening) - Essay Example (CPSP, n.d.) (Rinaldo, 1988) Various findings also suggets that this disease is genetically inherited via autosomal recessive pattern. Going deep into the molecular mechanisms of this enzyme’s expression, it was found that MCAD enzyme is expressed by ACADM(alias MCAD) gene located on chromosome 1p31. Due to a point mutation at position 985 on the gene, results is swapping of an adenine by a guanine, that results in replacement of a lysine by a glutamate residue in the protein leading to onset of disease. (Grosse, 2006; Wang SS, 1999; Matsubura, 1990). Around 80% of European individuals have at least two copies of this mutation. (Wang SS, 1999). Considering high mortality rate of 20 to 25% in undiagnosed cases, this disorder was included in the list of newborn screening programmes. (Wilson, 1999) Variation in Symptoms and Prognosis The deficiency of this enzyme is characterised by symptoms such as hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, vomiting (Egidio RJ, 1989) and hypotonia progressing t o coma. (BPSU, 2006). Other symptoms include seizures, coma, residual neurological deficits. No symptoms are exhibited at birth, except for the case when newbron screening is conducted. The symptoms show up any time between teh age of three to twenty-months; in some cases, it may show up much later. Once it is successfully diagnosed, prognosis becomes much effective by administering the patient with adequate treatment regimes (Matern, 2013). Diagnosis Prenatal-testing: Prenatal testing includes molecular genetic testing that helps in early diagnosis of the disease and thus enable the parents to be mentally aware and cautious of their child’s health. The first test includes the testing of analyses that include plasma acylcarnitines, urine organic acids and urine acylglycines. Biochemical diagnoses include the measurement of fatty acid ?-oxidation in fibroblasts as well as measurement of MCAD enzyme activity in fibroblasts and other tissues (Leydiker, 2011). Molecular Genetic t esting comprises of two methods that include Targetted Mutation Analysis and Sequence Analysis. Targetted mutation analysis a.k.a Allele specific mutation analysis involves the testing of the mutations p.Lys304Glu (985A>G) and p.Tyr42His (199C>T). Sequence analysis involves the testing of sequence variants may also include other mutations such as splice site mutations, non-sense and mis-sense mutations as well as small deletions/ insertions. This method does not target mutations identified by Targetted mutation analysis. Newborn- Screening: Newborn Screening differs from Pre-natal testing such that pre-natal testing is carried out during pregnancy and before the child’s birth, whereas the former involves the testing of the child’s health condition within first few days of birth (Matern, 2013). Tandem mass spectrometry was developed by Millington et al, for analysis of acylcarnitines in blood collected from umbilical cord as well as neonatal blood. This method proved to efficient diagnostic tool to diagnose MCAD deficiency. The simplicity and speed of the method enabled its use in everyday neonatal screening of infants (Millington, 1990; Kennedy, 2010) This tool has been widely used for screening of MCAD and has proved to be a robust, efficient tool. Newborns who are MCAD deficient have higher octanoylcarnitine levels than normal individuals; this forms an effective screening test, and has helped to decrease mortality and

Project eliverables, WBS and Gantt hart Assignment

Project eliverables, WBS and Gantt hart - Assignment Example Objectives of new market viaduct replacement project:  The main objectives of the new market viaduct replacement project are;1. Construction of fourth southbound lane from Gillies Avenue to the Green Lane.2. To upgrade the current viaduct’s edge protection, traffic load capacity and seismic performance.3. The ability to maintain operation on the local roading network during construction.4. To achieve a residual design life for 100 years.5. Opportunity to provide the collection, treatment and disposal of storm water to Auckland regional council TP10.6. To provide maximum retention of motorway debris and recognizing the land beneath the viaduct. This project involves the replacement of 700 m long new market Viaduct with a pre-cast segmental balanced cantilever structure constructed in two stages using an 800 t gantry. It includes the deconstruction of the existing bridge in two stages by implementing extensive temporary works to maintain stability of the construction. It also includes   50 m long Gillies Avenue over bridge with a Super-T bridge, realignment of the State Highway 1 off-ramp at Gillies Avenue and on-ramp at St. Marks Road to connect the realigned State Highway 1, installation of extensive concrete mass block walls for   on-ramps, and construction of the new Dilworth footbridge. They provide the gate way to Auckland.Scope Details:The NZ Transport Agency utilized the construction and deconstruction staged approach for the implementation of motorway project.

Government Regulatory Agencies Essay Example for Free

Government Regulatory Agencies Essay Government Regulatory Agencies and Impact on Consumer Choices By Trisha Robinson, Chastity Hafer, George Ward, Quagina Jackson Serphy HCS 490 Health care Consumer- Trends and Marketing For: Cindy Perkins, DC, MBA 05/01/2011 The Food Drug Administration (FDA) The Food Drug Administration is in charge of promoting and the protection of public health safety by the supervision and regulation of food safety, dietary supplements, tobacco products, prescription and over the counter drugs you get from the pharmacy. The FDA also regulates vaccines, blood transfusions, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics (fda. gov). The FDA is in charge of advancing the public health by the speed of new ideas or methods that make medicines and food affordable and by the producing of strong or desired effect, more safer, and by given the public a more accountable scientific information that the public can use when using medication and foods and to lessen the use of tobacco to improve the quality of life. The FDA makes sure that laws are enforced by monitoring companies of claims that the company makes about their products. If the FDA thinks the company has violated the law a warning letter will be sent to the company. The letter states that the company is in violation and the company has 15 working days to respond and say how this will be fixed. Companies that do not respond will be fined or their product will be seized. The health care product or service category selected Service of choice:Â  Regulatory Information Regulatory Information is a service, which The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offers an array of information on rules and regulations, which allows consumers, industries, and health care professionals to know the safety, availability, and effectiveness of drugs, biological, medical, and electronic products, and cosmetics. In addition, the service provides information on non-regulated categories such as advertising, consumer products (household goods), alcohol, drug abuse, meat and poultry, health insurance, drugs of abuse, pesticides, restaurants and grocery stores, and water. It offers information on areas such as safety, labeling, product licensing, product approval, manufacturing and performance standards on medical devices and radioactive products, and animal drugs, livestock feeds, and food. Rationale for choosing FDA A. Familiar with the regulations of the FDA. 1. Protecting the public’s health B. Interested in the operations of the FDA and how they develop their regulations. C. The services FDA protects. 1. Responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines more effective.

Database Management System Abstract

Database Management System Abstract Database management system is a system is a computer software program that is designed as the means of managing all databases that are currently installed on a system hard drive or network. Different types of database management systems exist, with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of databases that are configured for specific purposes. Here are some examples of the various incarnations of DBMS technology that are currently in use, and some of the basic elements that are part of DBMS software applications. INTRODUCTION A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.fig 1.1 Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and acce ss and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users. history Databases have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing. Unlike modern systems which can be applied to widely different databases and needs, the vast majority of older systems were tightly linked to the custom databases in order to gain speed at the expense of flexibility. Originally DBMSs were found only in large organizations with the computer hardware needed to support large data sets.Some types of DBMS are : 1960s Navigational DBMS As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s there were a number of such systems in commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the Database Task Group within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 they delivered their standard, which generally became known as the Codasyl approach, and soon there were a number of commercial products based on it available. 1970s Relational DBMS Edgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard disk systems. He was unhappy with the navigational model of the Codasyl approach, notably the lack of a search facility. In 1970, he wrote a number of papers that outlined a new approach to database construction that eventually culminated in the groundbreaking A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in Codasyl, Codds idea was to use a table of fixed-length records. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing sparse databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables, with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Some differences between DBMSs SQL(Structured query language) is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS), and originally based upon relational algebra. Its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codds relational model in his influential 1970 paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks and became the most widely used language for relational databases.Fig 1.2 PHP(hypertext Prepocessor) provides a range of facilities to allow web database developers to retrieve data from a database and merge this dynamic content with static contect on a web paqe. It includes the actual database(where the data are stored)and the DBMS,which manages all the access to the database,the application server manages communication with the databse server with the DBMS API. Oracle DBMS Oracle database systemà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID[4]à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instanceà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬identified persistently by an instantiation number comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory-structures that interact with the storage. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (or logs), which hold transactional history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and for some forms of data replication. The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL (Oracle Corporations proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them. DBMS stands for Database Management System which is a general term for a set of software dedicated to controlling the storage of data. RDMBS stand for Relational DataBase Management System. This is the most common form of DBMS. Invented by E.F. Codd, the only way to view the data is as a set of tables. Because there can be relationships between the tables, people often assume that is what the word relational means. Not so. Codd was a mathematician and the word relational is a mathematical term from the science of set theory. It means, roughly, based on tables.